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Cosmology

Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus

born around 406 BC and died around 347 BC It is particularly interested in astronomy and cosmology, mathematics, and try to give more systematic way at the thought of Plato's cosmology, as presented in Timaeus. This is the structure of the cosmos: the system of Plato was concerned with a consideration of greater perfection as the rotational motion in the celestial world.
Eudoxus introduces solid spheres, perhaps already assumed by the Pythagoreans and the Sumerian-Akkadian and Egyptian cultures, to explain these motions of rotation of the stars as they appeared in the sky. For Plato is not entirely clear whether the heavenly bodies were moving freely or if they were placed on the ball, with Eudoxus definitely starts to take shape this idea that the known planets and celestial bodies are embedded on the ball and move across the sky because these spheres rotate.
The circular motions of the planets and celestial bodies are as they are set up the balls that rotate. At the center of the world to Eudoxus is around this earth and there are homocentric spheres, ie spheres that have the same center. And, in particular to explain the movements seen in the sky, Eudoxus introduces 27 balls (3 for 3 for the sun and the moon, 1 for the fixed stars and 4 for each planet known so far: 4 for Saturn, 4 Jupiter, 4 for Mars, Venus 4, 4 Mercury)
The sphere of fixed stars and the outer one. Why introduce more balls for a particular celestial body? To rebuild completely the idea of Plato that the motions must be circular. Then, when the sky these movements do not seem circular, but can explain how the compositions of circular motions. In this way, if we compose several circular motions at different speeds, we can explain the anomalies (compared to uniform circular motion) that are observed in the movements of celestial bodies in the vault of heaven.
The planet is embedded on the equator of the inner sphere. The outermost sphere (the first) accounts for the diurnal motion of the heavens, the second of the period it takes for each planet along the ecliptic (which by the planets Mercury and Venus was the same as a year and other than their period of revolution around the Sun seen in the heliocentric system) . The spheres are external to the (fourth) in which the planet is rotating in the opposite direction to that and the third and the fourth explains the peculiarities of the motions of each planet.
There is a significant consequence of this idea of Plato in trying to explain everything with the circular motion, because the structure of the cosmos as it is conceived by Eudoxus it is strongly influenced by this view. If you like, here it begins to assert itself thematic idea that overrides what you see physically, and then begins a process in which mathematics guide cosmology imposing a priori.
These balls to be able to dial in an appropriate manner to these motions, rotate respect to different axes. Not all the axes of rotation coincide with the axis of the world, straight, perpendicular to the celestial equator, but have a different angle, so if the spheres rotate with this inclination, the composition of circular motions can explain, at least Broadly speaking, the appearance of celestial motion: to "save the phenomena" from a mathematical inferred.
Eudoxus is also known for other contributions to mathematics, geometry, theory of proportions, but we can not go into these details that would be more technical.